If someone claims that both the division of knowledge into disciplines Essay

If someone claims that both the division of knowledge into disciplines and the division of the world into countries on a map are artificial, what does this mean - Essay Example What are the processes underlying the compelling desire of human to dissect and divide, are these processes comparable, how has the divides occurred - these perplexing questions have puzzled generations of outstanding scholars, but still remain unanswered. The world is multi-dimensional with numerous natural boundaries: mountains and rivers, deserts and forests, fields and lakes, plateaus and slumps compose a unique and highly diverse image of the Earth. These natural boundaries have provided mankind with references points allowing people to move from one point to another, travel, hunt, explore the remote areas always using these natural points to return to the native places and family. Evidently, these natural boundaries have played - and continue to play - an essential role in shaping human civilisation, as we know it, but they have failed to fully satisfy the needs of human society. The artificial boundaries dividing the nations and communities have been created artificially to address these implicit needs. Knowledge does not have a clear defined surface area or natural boundaries; its abstract nature makes it barely possible to calculate or quantify it; senses and measurements do not provide the appropriate tools to divide it. Nonetheless, mankind has also felt the need to divide it into several areas. Perhaps one of the key objectives of such divide was the desire to establish the missing reference points in order to facilitate navigation from one place to another: the artificial boundaries within the body of knowledge were intended to perform the same function the natural boundaries in the physical world played. However, even if that the factors/reasons underlying division of the physical world and the abstract realm of knowledge are similar, the implications and nature of the boundaries are likely to differ signification. Although the geographical boundaries and the divide between different areas of knowledge have been drawn by human, the nature of the boundaries is non-comparable due to several reasons. Firstly, the geographical boundaries, by definition, do not allow for free crossing; knowledge does not imply this sine qua non condition. Secondly, the nature of knowledge is complex, dynamic, and multifaceted: it is not approachable with mere senses or mere thinking; it is rather a process which gets even richer when the separated areas overlap. The ongoing debate about the definition and elements of knowledge1 vividly illustrates why comparing the abstract and physical boundaries lacks credibility and is probably doomed to failure. Furthermore, even the origins of knowledge are not known either: epistemology or theory of knowledge, the branch of philosophy that explores the origins and sources of knowledge, the assumptions upon which knowledge is based, and what we 'can know' and 'do know' fails to provide a clear and exhaustive answer to this question2. The origins of modern epistemological debate can be traced back to the past philosophers. The famous Cartesian mind/body duality introduced by famous philosopher and mathematician Rene Descartes divorced body from mind and thinking from sensing.

Women Abuse in India Essay Example for Free

Women Abuse in India Essay Violence against women in India Violence against women in India isn’t just a current issue, but rather has deep seated traditional roots in the culture. In order to combat the problem, we must understand its causes. In India, the problem of violence against women is a result of a long standing power imbalance between men and women. Men have control over access to property and resources. There is also a sexual division of labor in India that results in female exploitation–physically, mentally, and commercially. Oppression in India Women in India are subject to all forms of violence. Female infanticide is quite common in Haryana and Punjab because there is a preference for sons because male children carry on the family lineage. The education of sons is also considered much more important. In these two states, the sex ratio is lower than the national average. Discrimination within the household Within the household, there exists gender discrimination which determines intra-household distribution of food. Because women and girls are given less food than men, malnutrition among adolescent girls and women is quite prevalent in India. Lack of opportunity to work Due to lower educational levels, a woman has a much lower capacity to earn. Women from upper castes are seldom allowed to work outside the home. However, work participation rate among low caste women is better compared to that of upper caste women. Honor killings Honor killings are quite common in Haryana and Tamil Nadu when young girls marry somebody outside their caste and clan against her family’s wishes. Women as property  Dowry is demanded from the husband’s side (in-laws) when younger women get married. Newly married women become subject to verbal and physical abuse. In many cases, young brides are burnt to death by her in-laws if the parents fail to meet the requisite dowry demanded. Women are also viewed in terms of their virginity, as chastity is considered as a great virtue. In terms of family planning, women have been used as the subjects of experiments. Governments promote contraceptives to lower fertility among women, at the  behest of multinational corporations and the corporate sector, without thinking about their consequences. Population control and family planning is considered a way to control women’s sexuality. Photograph posted on Flicker by â€Å"Mckay Savage.† Data on violence against women In a country like India, it is difficult to rely on statistics pertaining to rape cases. The data may show that such crimes being committed may be going up or down. But in reality, women are afraid of even lodging FIRs (First Information Report) in police stations despite being raped or sexually harassed. The judiciary and the legal system are biased in favor of men. Cases of violence against women are under-reported. According to the latest National Crime Records Bureau 2007, a total of 1,85,312 incidents of crime against women (both under Indian Penal Code-IPC and Special and Local Laws-SLL) were reported in the country during 2007 as compared to 1,64,765 during 2006, thus recording an increase of 12.5% during 2007. These crimes have continuously increased during 2003-2007 with 1,40,601 cases in 2003, 1,54,333 cases in 2004, 1,55,553 in 2005, 1,64,765 cases in 2006 and 1,85,312 cases in 2007. The total number of sexual harassment cases were 10,950 in 2007. The total number of cases pertaining to cruelty by husband and relatives was 75,930. There were 61 cases of importation of girls. Altogether there were 38,734 cases of molestation in 2007. (See the URL: http://ncrb.nic.in/cii2007/cii-2007/FIGURES_2007.pdf). The number of rape cases has increased by nearly ten fold from 2487 in 1953 to 20737 in 2007. Young girls also become victims of child abuse at the hands of their closest male relatives, which they are unable to protest. What can be done When women protest against their exploitation, many try to silence them. The experience of Bhanwari Devi, the ‘sathin’ from Rajasthan, is a case in point. She was gang-raped for working against child marriage practiced by the upper castes in her village. According to the NCRB (National Crime Records Bureau) 2008, respect for women seem to be the worst in Andhra Pradesh, which accounted for 83.5 per cent of cases under Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act of total cases across the country. Out of a total 1,200 such cases, Andhra had registered 1,005 incidents in  this regard. The NCRB data clearly points to the profile of the average rapist – over 75% were known to the victims. In fact, nearly 10% were relatives. Another disturbing aspect was that about a quarter of the rape victims were minors. During the Fourth World Conference on Women held in Beijing in September 1995, the United Nations Secretary-General, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, said that violen ce against women is a universal problem that must be universally condemned. The United Nations has termed violence against women as a gross violation of human rights. In India, a survey showed that for each incidence of violence, women lost an average of 7 working days. Role of media Media that includes television, radio and newspapers can play a positive role in creating awareness about the pitfalls of violence against women. Mass media’s power should not be undermined by our policy makers See more at: http://www.conversationsforabetterworld.com/2009/12/violence-against-women-in-india/#sthash.rCyr6L9P.dpuf

Pros and Cons of Attending College Essay example -- essays research pa

Is College Worth It? In Life today a college education is no longer an option or privilege, but rather it is a necessity. We are raised to believe that a person needs higher education in order to succeed in life. There is a saying, â€Å"if you think education is expensive, try ignorance.† You may ask is college necessary? There are people out in the real world that have never set a foot on a college campus before and they are doing better than others that have their master’s degree. There are many views from both sides that have a good argument. The main reason people go to college is because they were always told you will have a better life if you go to college. Kids are pressured to feel that the have to go to college because, â€Å"it is the right thing to do.† Students may have different ideas on what he or she want to do with their life, but because their mentors and parents know what is best for them they might end up doing something they may not want to do. Going to college makes you appear more socially prestige. Some people go to college only for the title, others go f...

Kimberle Crenshaw’s “The Intersection of Race and Gender”

Kimberle Crenshaw’s arguments and research in â€Å"The Intersection of Race and Gender† offer an insightful and probing look into the state of women of color in the current racial and gender climate of our culture.   Her main point, that women of color experience both their race and their gender together in a way that is NOT mutually exclusive, as they are so often treated, and are informed one by the other and as they occur simultaneously, is one that almost sparks a flippant attitude of â€Å"No kidding.†When the argument is first introduced, it seems to simple and so self-evident as to be self-explanatory (and taken for granted); at first it almost seems like a waste of time to be delving into something so painfully obvious.   However, through her very thorough research and her carefully pieced argument which clearly shows how â€Å"X† relates to â€Å"Y† relates to â€Å"Z,† Crenshaw is able to take something that does indeed seem li ke it should be plainly obvious and more or less proves, as much as it can be â€Å"proven,† that even still today race and gender are not given the adequate attention the two together deserve.As Crenshaw is painstaking to point out, both issues—issues of race and gender, that is—receive quite a bit of popular attention in our current culture climate.   In fact, the issues have been made so big that they are difficult to contain in any one argument.Nowadays, so many things become either an issue of race or an issue of gender, it is difficult to discern which issues legitimately need to be addressed by these â€Å"isms† and which have simply been lumped into them by sheer popular appeal (i.e., race and gender issues are the new hot-button â€Å"It† topic—if any discussion is going to occur on the large-scale mainstream popular platform of the media, one of the two had better be involved).   However, through all of this seeming social desi re to focus so much on gender and race, the fact that the two can also intersect and create a whole new array of complicated issues for a person and a culture seems to have been totally missed.That last little bit is my own digression, and not part of Crenshaw’s argument; this is simply what struck me as so entirely shocking.   While we’ve been so caught up discussing race and gender, we’ve completely missed the discussion of race with gender.   Crenshaw has a plethora of information and examples to cite which show how race with gender has been entirely neglected by everyone, including the antiracists (who predominantly serve black men) and the feminists (who predominantly serve white women).Here, Crenshaw further contains the overall argument into speaking strictly in terms of violence against women, and how violence against women of color is treated and viewed as being the same as violence against women in general, completely ignoring the deeper-lying comp lications of layers of different of social structures which affect women of color that DO NOT affect white women (something that, if women of color are to be treated in a way that is beneficial and acknowledging of them and their plights, simply cannot be ignored).Again, Crenshaw brings so much â€Å"evidence† to the table that her point rings loud and clear: the separate and distinct plights of women of color are not recognized by any other vocal group as being anything noteworthy.   And this attitude further perpetuates this belief of their own negligible experiences in the minds of those very same women of color.   And so is the vicious cycle.I found Crenshaw’s essay to be extremely culturally important and incredibly relevant.   For as much as antiracist and feminist groups preach about â€Å"Otherness,† they too are guilty of â€Å"Othering† in order to further their own causes (or, worse than â€Å"Othering,† just flat-out ignoring).Any effective kind of identity politic must be informed by all aspects of a person’s identity; not just race, and not just gender (or, for that matter, class, religion, sexual orientation, age, profession, education, employment history, disability, proclivity to heart disease, or anything else), but a combination of all the various intricacies that creates a person’s identity.   To separate one out makes a person no less of the other, and the only way to truly address them is to do so in a way that accommodates how they all come together to form their own separate and unique experience.   Perhaps this is where the postmodernists really got it right: identity is fluid, after all.

Battle of Atlantic

In the fall of 1939, the Atlantic Ocean was the dramatic setting of a fierce battle between the British and the Germans. At the time, most people thought that the Battle of the Atlantic may have decided World War II’s outcome. This battle was the deciding factor throughout the war. The battle of the Atlantic was a violent and destructive battle. Many people lost their lives fighting in this battle. New technology was one of the major factors in helping the allies win the long and crucial Battle of the Atlantic. The Battle of the Atlantic was a violent and destructive battle which caused chaos in the ocean. Many ships were built then blown up or sunk in sea and some may have survived. This battle was so violent and destructive that each side had its own strategy planned out exactly at when to use it. The allies mass-produced over 100 corvettes in 1943 and by 1945 the allies ships turned from 38 – 410 ship because in the spring of 1941, u-boats sunk about 500,000 tons of shipping good each month (u-boats are German submarines). May 1943 was the turning point of the allies. The allies moved from the defensive strategy to offensive; instead of the Germans hunting us, the RCN (Royal Canadian Navy) and company hunted them. By July, the Germans were only capable to destroy/sink 20 ships per month. â€Å"The Battle of the Atlantic was the only thing that ever frightened me. † –Winston Churchill One of the reasons that the Germans got so many kills was because they used a strategy called ‘wolf packs. ’ This strategy involves hunting in packs instead of separately; they would hunt with 3-4 ships minimum. Everyone was devastated when this battle erupted; it caused a lot of deaths as well as nightmares for the ones who survived. Up to this day, no one can forget this horrific battle because it was the longest running battle during World War II which was also one of the most destructive ones with the thousands of ships submerged beneath the cold, dark waters of the Atlantic During the 2,075 days of the Battle of the Atlantic, there were many deaths as well as ships sunk on each of the 2 sides. It may have seemed that Germany sunk more ships because they achieved to sink over 1000 ships in 600 months but they were the ones that lost the most. One of the reasons Canada joined the war is because the Germans sunk a passenger ship ‘SS Athenia’ on the coast of Ireland on September 3, 1939 which resulted in 4 Canadians killed. The Germans might have sunk the ship by accident or on purpose but either way, they have killed 4 Canadians and the prime minster was not pleased. There were 95,000 uniformed men and women in the navy. After the war, 2,210 Canadians died; 6 of them were women, 24 warships and 2,900 other ships (merchants etc) sunk including 14 million tons of shipping goods. On the other hand, the Germans lost 800 u-boats, 42 enemy surface crafts and 30,000 of the 39,000 Germans never returned. Although many Canadians died in this ongoing battle, we (the navy) commemorate them for their actions during this battle every year on the first Sunday of May. The allies (RC/RCN) struggled throughout the war because of the lack of technology. In the 1940’s a new sonar system was created to help the allies detect the enemies. In the beginning, the allies only had an early type of sonar called ‘ASDIC’ (Allied Submarine Detection Investigation Committee). ASDIC was most effective when used underwater where the allies could detect long range u-boats but on surface, the u-boats were undetectable. As the war continued, allies were equipped with a better, more advanced sonar system which could detect u-boats underwater and even on the surface in dense fog; the allies perfected the technique ‘Radio Directional Finding’ (RDF) as they received this new enhanced technology. With the new technology in hand, the allies had a special feature; they could locate wolf packs accurately using the u-boat radio transmissions. The results of the new features and technological innovations were fantastic; the allies could hold their ground against the u-boats when escorting ships such as merchants etc. Since we now have the advanced technology of the sonar from the battle, our sonar technology is improving every day. When the Battle of the Atlantic came to an end, World War II was close to the end. With many injured, dead and submerged under the waters of the Atlantic, they helped the allies win the battle and defeat the Germans as well as innovating the sonar and navy technology. Every year on the first Sunday of May, the navy would commemorate the ones who fought in the Battle of the Atlantic as they did some heroic actions leading the allies into victory!Bibliography http://wwii.ca/page-54/-battle-of-the-atlantic-.html

How to Go Green at Home

How to Go Green at Home Free Online Research Papers Although most people have probably heard of Global Warming, few understand the serious consequences we face if we do not start to make changes in the way we live. Global warming happens when gases that are emitted, mostly by cars and power plants, trap heat within our atmosphere. This trapped heat causes rises in air and water temperatures, which in turn causes climate changes that can be drastic. Switching to cleaner energy sources is an example of a large scale solution, but as we know this is still in the works and is almost impossible for everyone to do yet, but there are many other changes you can do individually to help make a difference, and help ensure that your children and grandchildren can enjoy a clean world to live and grow in. Home energy use accounts for approximately 1/5 of global warming pollution, so here are some tips to help save energy and money in your own home. Start by looking at the appliances you use daily throughout your home. Are they really suited for what you need? When shopping for large appliances especially, you should only buy big enough to accommodate your needs. For example, do not buy an oversized refrigerator when there are only a few people in you home that will be using it. This is the same for smaller appliances as well. If the appliance is too large or too small it will expend extra energy trying to accommodate its size. This will also hurt you when you look at your energy bills later. If you shop for Energy Star Products also, this will conserve energy and money as they offer the best energy savings. You may not realize this, but something as simple as unplugging appliances, or turning off power strips for items such as toasters, cell phone chargers, and even you cable box or game boys can save energy, as your meter is still counting kilowatt hours on these, even when they are not in use. Check you light bulbs next, as lighting accounts for 12% of home energy use. We have all grown up hearing our parents tell us again and again that we need to turn off the lights when we are not in a room. Well they were right. Opening your shades and letting in natural light from outside will cut your electric bill and keep your home cooler in the summer, as light bulbs emit quite a bit of heat. You know this if you have ever touched a light bulb after it has been on for a while. You can also install motion lights to ensure they are only on when some one is in the room. Another change that may seem minor to some can drastically cut energy use and save you money on you energy bill, is to change your bulbs to compact fluorescent light bulbs. Changing just one 75 watt bulb to a CFL can cut roughly 1300 pounds of global warming pollution. These bulbs are more expensive to buy initially, but their life span is approximately 15 times as long as a regular bulb so you save money in t he long run with these. Next you should check your home to be sure it is adequately insulated, especially in basements and attics where there is usually little to no insulation and a lot of heat lost. Caulk and insulate any gaps around windows and doors to prevent drafts. If you are losing heat to these areas, you are wasting energy and money also. So we have covered a few tips to save energy in your home and now let’s talk about our driving and how a few simple changes can help save our environment. Fist, if you must drive on a regular basis, keep you vehicle running at its peak performance by scheduling regular tune-ups. Making sure your spark plugs, oxygen sensors, air filters, hoses, etc., are changed regularly, can save you up to 165 gallons of gas per year. Also drive less aggressively, as rapid acceleration and braking lowers gas mileage by as much as 33 % on the highway and 5% in town. Another way to cut pollution from vehicles is to combine your trips. Plan your errands so you can do more than one in the same area, at the same time. Here are some ideas to help you get away without driving as much or at all. Contact friends and co-workers and set up a carpool or use public transportation whenever possible. This means fewer cars, less emissions, and lower gas expenses. If you feel like you can not change any more, and that you have done all you can, think again. One more way to help is to purchase what are called â€Å"Offsets†. Basically this means that you can pay someone else to reduce or remove global warming pollution in your name. For example, you can purchase 10 tons of offsets and the seller guarantees to eliminate or remove 10 tons of global warming pollution from the atmosphere. If you are interested in purchasing offsets, you should research them on your own and chose the one you feel suits what you are looking for the best. The following offsets have been evaluated by Environmental Defense and offer different options for reduction and removal of global warming pollution. e-BlueHorizons sm e-BlueHorizons’s projects capture heat-trapping gases from landfills in New England. One project in Massachusetts uses the recovered gases to generate electricity. Another, in New Hampshire, uses the captured gases to treat wastewater from the landfill. A portion of the proceeds is also used to plant trees along the lower Mississippi River Valley Natsource LLC – DuPont – Blue Source Natsource LLC represents select DuPont and Blue Source GHG emission reduction projects. The projects are located in Kentucky, Maine, Texas and Wyoming. They reduce emissions by preventing pollution, switching to cleaner fuels, and capturing and storing carbon. Carbonfund.org Carbonfund.org works with dairy farms in California. Manure from 14 farms is collected daily and processed in a closed environment that captures greenhouse gases. In addition, the recovered gases are used to power a nearby groundwater clean-up system. DrivingGreen DrivingGreens projects work with livestock farmers in Mexico. Greenhouse gases from animal waste are captured and used to generate energy. The projects can also improve local air quality and help reduce the risk of groundwater contamination. AtmosClear Climate Club AtmosClear works with a landfill in Illinois. Greenhouse gases from the landfill are collected so they do not escape to the atmosphere and used to generate electricity. In addition, the project reduces odor and the potential for groundwater contamination. Although it may seem like these tips could not possibly help, simple steps like changing a light bulb, and slowing down when you drive, can help reverse the effects of global warming. It is not too late to make a change and a better future for our family and friends to live in. Research Papers on How to Go Green at HomeNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NicePETSTEL analysis of IndiaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Spring and AutumnRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraDefinition of Export QuotasThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia

Grignard Synthesis of Triphenylmethanol Lab Report Essay Example

Grignard Synthesis of Triphenylmethanol Lab Report Essay Example Grignard Synthesis of Triphenylmethanol Lab Report Paper Grignard Synthesis of Triphenylmethanol Lab Report Paper A Grinded reagent is a type of ergonomically, which consists of a bond twine a metal and a carbon. There are three types of carbon-metal bonds: ionic, polar covalent, and covalent. The ionic bonded compounds (example: RNa) have a weak bond between the carbon and the metal, and are therefore not useful because they are so volatile, and they will react with nearly anything. The covalent bonded compounds (example: Rap) are toxic. The compounds that are polar covalent bonded are Grinded reagents and are useful in making carbon- carbon bonds and reducing carbonyl. Grinded reagents are any of the numerous organic derivatives of magnesium (MGM), commonly represented by the mineral formula Ramp (in which R is a hydrocarbon radical: CHI, CHI, CHI, etc. ; and X is a halogen atom, usually chlorine, bromine, or iodine). They are called Grinded reagents after their discoverer, French chemist Victor Grinded, who was a corrections of the 1912 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for this work (1). Grinded reagents commonly are prepared by reaction of an alkyl halide (RUG) with magnesium in a nitrogen atmosphere because the reagent is very reactive toward oxygen and moisture, which would cause the reagent to react with the water instead of any carbon atoms (2). Grinded reagents react with water to produce alkaline. This is the reason that everything has to be very dry during the preparation. Alkyl halides vary greatly in their rates of reaction with magnesium. For example, alkyl iodides generally react very rapidly, whereas most aryl chlorides react very slowly, if at all. : Their chemical behavior resembles that of carbonation species that contain a negatively charged carbon (:CHI). Grinded reagents are strong bases and strong nucleotides. Thus, the Grinded reagent methamphetamine bromide (Chamber) behaves as if it were equivalent to the method ion (:CHI-). Grinded agents are made through single electron transfers with magnesium and an alkyl halide. Grinded reagents are manufactured through the process of a radical reaction as shown below. Grinded reagents react with molecules to extend carbon-carbon chains through the attraction of a necrophilia carbon to an electroscopic carbon (necrophilia addition). The Grinded reagent can serve as a nucleoli because of the attraction between the slight negatives of the carbon atom in the Grinded reagent and the oppositeness of the carbon in the carbonyl compound. The Grinded reagent can oxidize a carbonyl functional group into a hydroxyl group. The metal is less electronegative than the carbon, so the carbon bears a partial negative charge. This partial negative charge attacks the carbonyl at the partially positive carbon, forms a new carbon-carbon bond, and pushes an electron pair out of the double bond into the lone pair position. The metal then attaches itself at the now negatively charged oxygen. This compound is then treated with an aqueous acid to propionate the oxygen and forms the hydroxyl group. Except for hydrocarbons, ethers, and tertiary amines, almost all organic compounds react with Grinded reagents. Many of these reactions are used for hemolytic purposes, notably those with carbonyl compounds (e. G. Leaderless, stones, esters, and call chlorides), with epoxies, and with halogen compounds of certain metals (e. G. , zinc, cadmium, lead, mercury) to form the alkyl derivatives of those metals. Grinded reagents react with water to form a strong base, and they can act as a nucleoli to find a primary alcohol as shown respectively below. Grinded reagents also react with the least hindered carbon on an epoxies to break the ring in order to relieve ring strain. A reaction of the Grinded reagent and carbon dioxide results in an acid, and action of a nitrite and a Grinded reagent produce a carbonyl via an amine intermediate. These are show below, respectively. Grinded reagents are reactive enough to also attach esters; however, two equivalents of the Grinded reagent are usually added because less then two equivalents leave a large quantity of enervative ester. This reaction forms a tertiary alcohol. Grinded reagents cannot be synthesized from alcohols because instead of reacting with the halide to form the Grinded reagent, the alcohol is deprecated. Grinded reagents also cannot be synthesized from molecules with a carbonyl group. Solvent choice is important in Grinded reagent formation. The solvent must be non-reactive with a negatively charged carbon (ex. Acetone or anything even slightly acidic), and the solvent cannot have a carbonyl group. The solvent must be a volatile solvent that provides a blanket of solvent over the reaction solution so that oxygen and moisture in the air are excluded from the reaction. Oxygen and moisture in the air are very slightly acidic and would disrupt the synthesis of a Grinded reagent. Anhydrous ether (ROR) is often used as a solvent in creating Grinded reagents because it keeps out water and oxygen, makes the complex soluble, and is non-reactive. Water and oxygen cause undesired side reactions. The oxygen in ether has a lone pair of electrons, which is attracted to the partially positive metal. The solvent helps the polar Grinded reagent dissolve by coordination. A dry reflux apparatus is used to heat a solution without gaining any water from the atmosphere. Reflux is the cycle of a liquid going through vaporization and condensation. In order to speed up reactions or to increase the solubility of a compound, chemists often times reflux reaction mixtures. This step implies hat the reaction mixture is brought to a boil. The lowest boiling compound in the mixture determines the temperature when this occurs, usually the solvent. It condenses and returns into the reaction vessel (3). There are some other benefits to using a reflux apparatus. First, molecules dissolve faster in heated liquids because the molecules are moving faster and thus collide faster and more often. Second, the heat needed to cause the solution to reflux is energy that can assist molecules in acquiring enough energy to overcome the activation energy barrier to go from liquid to vapor. The liquid in the flask boils, vaporizes, ND then hits the cool condenser and condenses back into the flask. The water running through the condenser keeps it cool and allows the vapors rising out of the reaction vessel to condense and drip back down into the solution. The Cacao in the drying tube keeps any water from the atmosphere from entering the system. The set up of a dry reflux apparatus is a round bottom flask clamped above a heating mantle with a condenser attached to the round bottom flask. A thermometer adapter is used to attach the drying tube to the condenser.

Save Money in College 9 Useful Tips

Save Money in College 9 Useful Tips The college – or university – years can be considered a cruel time in one’s life: it’s when most students are on the cusp of adulthood, enjoying many of its perks and only some of its responsibilities; yet they’re also not quite adults, a majority of which are more like overgrown teenagers still dependent on their parents for financial stability, among other things. But, see, college tuition is quite expensive. It sets up many middle- and lower-class students for a lifetime of debt. This means these students generally want to graduate with a degree as quickly as possible, which implies they don’t have a great deal of time for making money – but rather a time for classes, homework, studying, taking exams, etc. So what little money students generally have (whether they’re given an allowance or have to work to support themselves), there are trying to hold on to it. The problem is this: ironically, due to the nature of the fundamental conflict most college students face – the aforementioned paradox – college can be a very thrilling, exciting time: being young, broke, healthy but feeling good about getting an education, as well as enjoying the many freedoms of adulthood. But, generally, being financially independent is not one of those freedoms college students get to enjoy.  This reality means being smart with money is even more crucial for the everyday student. 9 Proven Ways to Save Money in College: Set Up a Bank Account Quite a few banks offer college students free checking and saving accounts. This translates to avoiding fees on withdrawals as well as fund transfers; plus, with free checking, students aren’t penalized for having a certain amount, which is often the case with many banks. The student also benefits from having a bank account because they can monitor their own activity, especially with online banking. It helps them keep track of their money, when and where and how they’re spending it, and can help them save and plan as they move forward as adults. Save Receipts; Get Organized When one saves their receipts, they are essentially doing bookkeeping very much like a business would operate to keep tabs on their expenses, which is crucial for a business to grow and thrive. In order for a business to make money, it has to document and monitor spending so that it is not blindly losing money on things unnecessary. The same goes for any person. Perhaps it would be best if students were to record in a journal of all of their expenses, writing down information from their receipts to better budget and understand their spending habits. After a person begins seeing spending patterns, bad spending habits can be eliminated. Set a Budget – and Stick to it No Matter What Setting a budget is basically creating financial goals for certain periods of time. But what matters is adhering to these goals – all with the aim of ultimately saving money. Going back to keeping receipts: a student has to be cognizant of not only their financial obligations, such as paying bills and other required expenditures on time; they also have to be aware of their spending habits, such as going out to restaurants, spending money on retail, expensive outings, etc., so they can make sure they’re not being too frivolous with their spending. Most times, a student should set aside a certain amount of money each week for bills and necessary expenditures. But they should also cap a limit on the amount of money they can spend each week on other non-essential expenditures, like restaurant meals, drinks, and late-night food. Most importantly, to save money, students should put aside money each month that they will not spend – unless it’s an absolute emergen cy. Buy a Simple Phone Plan There are tons of affordable plans out there. But many plans are without Internet access, high-quality cameras, and voice-activated texting. And on a campus, that’s not a bad thing. The Internet can be accessed on almost every inch of a modern-day college campus. So, for those students trying to save money, who have to pay their own bills, it is most certainly a wise choice to buy a simple, cheap phone plan that has the most basic of functions. Buy that nice phone with the extensive plan after landing that first job out of college. Be patient – nicer things will come. Get a Job – It Helps Prioritize Time Again, it’s hard finding time to make money in college. But there are plenty of those who DO find the time. Some have no choice. They have to work to survive. It is very interesting to observe how the more things one has to accomplish in a day, the more they find they can get done. It’s all about time management. It’s about prioritizing what little time there is left in the day aside from classes and homework and studying. Remember: the more people work, the more they earn and save †¦ because they are not spending money while they earn it. Be Creative with (Legally) Obtaining Books for Courses There are numerous ways to obtain course textbooks in college without spending the required exorbitant amounts on brand-new ones. (Legal ways, of course; as in not stealing them.) For one, many books required for college courses – especially literature courses – can be rented from almost any library. On top of that, there are numerous resources that offer students the choice of renting most brand-new and mostly new textbooks for a very cheap price. In this case, the student only has to pay the semester-long rent fee and return the books in excellent condition at the close of the semester. Also, there is the option that students can form a sort of buddy system; they can find someone in their class with which they can share the price of the book needed for the course. Or they can just borrow a classmate’s book. Embrace Free Leisure Activities – Especially Those on Campus (The Ones That Are Deceptively Built into the Price of Tuition) Whether it’s using the campus-provided shuttle that takes students to nearby locations, spending time outside reading or engaging in other fun, free activities, or taking advantage of free on-campus events, such as concerts, talks and seminars and conferences, there’s no shortage of ways students can save money in college and still enjoy themselves. There are times for going out to restaurants; and there are times to stay at home and find creative ways to enjoy one’s time – activities that cost nothing. In other words, fun outings don’t have to cost a thing. Student Loans Can Help Save Money Short-Term The majority of students from lower- and middle-class families have to take out loans to afford college. Some academic institutions cost $30- $40,000 for two semesters; others – probably the majority – are about $15- $20,000 for two semesters. By taking out loans with banks, students can pay for their education years down the road, after they graduate, often in monthly payments, until they pay off their debt. So this way they DO save money while still in college, only they will owe more money over time to the bank because their loans will have accrued interest. (By the way, many students – through getting student loans to fund college – get to live on campus during these years without having to pay a cent. Most times this includes a meal plan, too. It makes sense. But it depends on the student’s financial needs and/or limitations.) Or, Live off Campus and Get Roomies Then, there’s the option of living off campus, in cheap housing, sharing the rent with roommates. It’s a wise choice for those who can afford to pay the rent, either on their own or with the help of their parents.

Communication Skills - Week One Individual Assignment Essay

Communication Skills - Week One Individual Assignment - Essay Example The three communication skills that would be most beneficial in one’s professional or personal life includes: (1) being a good conversationalist; (2) being an exemplary listener; and (3) being an effective writer. Being a good conversationalist entails knowledge of the communication process and grammatical rules, appropriate behavior in the application of verbal and non-verbal cues, as well as in accurately understanding the messages that were sent, as originally intended.   Finally, one could use skills in writing in one’s future career through the need to comply with business correspondences, reportorial requirements, or sending messages to various stakeholders.   The three important skills that would require one to communicate effectively include applying improved listening skills, knowledge of verbal and non-verbal cues across different cultures, and being able to express one’s thoughts and concerns through the proper choices and structure of words and by being aware of the different settings, audiences, and rhetorical elements that would assist in conveying one’s intended messages. To be able to apply all these skills, it is imperative to be knowledgeable of the elements of the communication, the barriers that prevent senders and recipients from accurately understanding the messages sent, as well as minimizing distractions or noise within the communication setting or environment.

Impacts of TNCS on Host Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Impacts of TNCS on Host Economy - Essay Example The current concept of trans-border business operations began to intensify after the Second World War, even though such business operations have been in existence for some centuries (Ietto-Gillies, 2012, p.7). The wide coverage of these organizations cutting across cultures make them have positive and negative impacts on, and become a point of concern for, their employees, the competitors, the domestic customers, the host government, alongside the other international organizations that may operate in the country (Sat, 2009, p.41; Fuller, n.d). The effects realized will be determined by the nature of operations by the TNCs. This paper focuses on the economic impacts that the foreign direct investments established by the transnational corporations have on the economy of the host nations. It examines how the workers, the suppliers, the domestic competing organizations, and the host communities are affected by the operations of a transnational corporation within a given country. Particul ar attention is given to the effect that acquisition of Cadbury by Kraft had on the economy of the United Kingdom. The Positive Contributions of TNCs to the Host Country’s Economy The operations of transnational corporations have certain positive impacts on the economy of the host nations. One of the benefits of TNC is transfer of technology into the host economy (Berger & Diez, 2008). The transnational corporations often get into a given country through different entry modes such as exporting, joint ventures with the domestic firms, foreign direct investments, or licensing among many others (Rugman, 1996, p.29). They develop various linkages that form the basis for technology spillover (Berger & Diez, 2008). The local employees will get to learn the modern technologies that the TNCs apply in their production operations. The learnt technologies can than be transferred to the domestic companies when these employees move on to take employments with the domestic firms. In this w ay, the technology shall have been transferred into the economy of the host nation at a relatively lower cost than other methods of acquisition such as buying the technology from the developers or domestic development of the technology. Similarly, the transnational corporations can acquire or enter into joint ventures with domestic firms. The transnational corporations have better responses to organizational changes. The organizations work in different cultural, institutional, and regulatory environments and they are forced to modify their organizational structures continuously (Lowe & Wrigley, 2010, p.382). The management approaches may be copied by local managers (Berger & Diez, 2008, p.1049) who would transfer the techniques to the management of other organizations if their tenure with the TNC comes to a halt. A manager who has worked for a significantly long period for some TNC may develop new ideas (owing to the research and development carried out by the TNCs) to go ahead and establish his or her new investment scheme. The transnational corporations producing goods locally may help reduce the imports to a given country if the domestic customers are attracted to their products in preference to the alternative imports (Fuller, n.d). The goods made locally by the TNCs are likely to be cheaper since other costs like shipment and duties have been reduced considerably. On a similar perspective, the TNCs can help increase the export from a given economy if the TNC exports

Conference & Banqueting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7000 words

Conference & Banqueting - Essay Example One of the finest conference venues in London is the Gibson Hall, named after its architect John Gibson (Gibson, 2007). London Hotel Marriott Kensington is the most contemporary of hotels offering conferencing and banqueting facilities (Marriott International, 2007). It has a modern design with a 7-storey atrium lobby while the Gibson Hall maintains the Victorian elegance with spectacular chandeliers and marbled columns. Best Western Lodge Hotel is a multi-functional leisure centre situated moments from the River Thames in attractive tree-lined Putney making it an ideal leisure resort (Hotels London, 2007). It is in South West London ideal for business and pleasure. Gibson Hall is located in the heart of the city while Kensington is close to central London in the heart of Kensington. Gibson Hall does not provide residential accommodation while Kensington has 216 well-appointed rooms for both business and leisure travel. Best Western on the other hand has 65 elegantly-appointed en-sui te rooms. Although Gibson Hall was initially the greatest of the city’s Banking Halls, it now incorporates many of the events required for modern event management. Kensington has nine meeting rooms and the largest room has the maximum seating capacity of 200 while at Gibson Hall the main hall is large enough to host 400 Theatre Style and 168 Class room style. Gibson Hall has three unique spaces and can host occasions ranging from dinner dances to charity events, to weddings and cocktails. Best Western has three conference/banquet suites all of which are multi-functional and equipped with the latest hi-tech facilities. It also provides internet/WiFi facility at these Halls which is not provided by the Gibson Hall. Each meeting room at Kensington is equipped with internet access but Gibson Hall, only provides complete audio-visual support for conferences. Being a hotel, Kensington has a coffee shop, a bar and restaurants while the Gibson Hall caters only for

CONTEMPORARY PRACTICES AND DEBATES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

CONTEMPORARY PRACTICES AND DEBATES - Essay Example The book has been adopted and translated into many forms of media productions, these include; screen, audio, stage, and many others (Lerner, L. J. 2004, 3). A journalistic view of the book reveals so much about the contemporary life and the human behavior towards other people, those who they consider close acquaintances, and those perceived to be enemies (Johnson, K. A. 2012, 76). The little prince, George is a character from a different planet, in search of adventure, and because of boredom, he leaves his planet to explore the outside world. This shows how human beings are mobile and tend to travel a lot in search of the values they consider deer to them, in Antoine’s real life scenario, he left his country. France, and went to the United States to convince the country to join the in the anti-Nazi war (Shirer, W. L. 2011, 197). This is his driving force, he moved from his own home to a foreign place to satisfy his urge of wanting to help his country from a different perspecti ve. The same applies to the little Prince George, he left his own planet due to a driving force, the urge to find out more and move out of his free cocoon. This, he eventually achieves, he grabs the first opportunity that comes around, the bird migration, he uses the birds to move to other planets. Here we learn about the nature of humans to take advantage of things that come around to satisfy their own needs. People trend to have a strong pull towards achieving their goals such that they do anything possible to achieve it; they are opportunistic in nature, using something that they did not expect to come around to their advantage. Antoine creates a mental picture of a man clinging to the wings of numerous birds flying from one planet to another (Normington, K. 2007, 347). Thinking of it, it looks like a big risk to take, but the little prince takes it anyway. He has an opportunity that he knows might not come around again. The manner in which Antoine brings out all these is quite r emarkable. The scene has been translated into a graphical form by the media, a picture of a young boy waiting to cling to some flying birds; he stands on a small planet, which he considers to be home. What catches the eye is the fact that, the prince seems to be sad. This is probably because he is leaving his little rose behind. This, as we can see, is the only thing that he is emotionally attached to, he is sad to leave it behind, though they have had their differences. We are told how the little Prince George was so emotionally attached to the rose flower, all the things he did to prevent it from harm. How he uprooted all the weeds that prevented it from growing to maturity (Saint-Exupery, A.D. 2004, 35). At some point, they even quarreled and this is what prompted him to leave in the first place, he thought that the rose was taking advantage of him. However, they get through it and become friends again. This alludes to the human nature of having emotional attachments to other peo ple or things; these can be even pets or other gadgets, these are the things that people hold closest to the heart and are so deer to them, in most cases, these are persons of the opposite sex. the flower represented spouses, how relationships work, people get emotionally attached, they go through so much together trying to protect themselves, at some point they differ in opinions and fall apart, but sooner or later they mend things and come back together. The aspect of sacrifice also

Food label Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Food label - Essay Example Although the sugar content may be highest in any food item, still it is distributed in different ingredients, which does not reveal the maximum quantity of total sugar present in the food item. For example, the label of a food item could detail combination of ingredients like Sucrose, Corn-syrup, Corn-syrup solids, fructose, brown sugar and dextrose, listed separately on the label. While individually these ingredients would not get a place in the top five of the listed items, the fact remains that sugar would be on the top of the list if revealed as the combined quantity. This is one of the ways to misinform the consumers about an ingredient which most of us would like to avoid in our daily intake of food, particularly the people with diabetic and sugar related history.. Similarly, junk food manufacturers would list a few ingredients, which have any relation to health and nutrition, while the proportion of the same may be even less than one percent. (Adams, 2007) A particular item, for example the strawberry yogurt, may have â€Å"insect-based red food coloring†; yet the label will describe the coloring agent as â€Å"carmine†. Similarly, to hide the real names, manufacturers may list in the label, â€Å"Yeast Extracts†, which is actually Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) that enhances taste of the food. Likewise, sodium Nitrate is a dangerous chemical, which can cause cancer and brain tumors. Therefore consumers need going into the depth of the items listed in the food labels.(Adams, 2007) Under this act, the food manufacturers are required to use common names for popular food allergens, like fish, wheat, soy, shellfish, milk, eggs and peanuts. Although this is a step in the direction of helping the consumer for identifying the ingredients in these items that may cause worry, particularly for people with history of high blood pressure, heart problems and hypertension,

CONTEMPORARY PRACTICES AND DEBATES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

CONTEMPORARY PRACTICES AND DEBATES - Essay Example The book has been adopted and translated into many forms of media productions, these include; screen, audio, stage, and many others (Lerner, L. J. 2004, 3). A journalistic view of the book reveals so much about the contemporary life and the human behavior towards other people, those who they consider close acquaintances, and those perceived to be enemies (Johnson, K. A. 2012, 76). The little prince, George is a character from a different planet, in search of adventure, and because of boredom, he leaves his planet to explore the outside world. This shows how human beings are mobile and tend to travel a lot in search of the values they consider deer to them, in Antoine’s real life scenario, he left his country. France, and went to the United States to convince the country to join the in the anti-Nazi war (Shirer, W. L. 2011, 197). This is his driving force, he moved from his own home to a foreign place to satisfy his urge of wanting to help his country from a different perspecti ve. The same applies to the little Prince George, he left his own planet due to a driving force, the urge to find out more and move out of his free cocoon. This, he eventually achieves, he grabs the first opportunity that comes around, the bird migration, he uses the birds to move to other planets. Here we learn about the nature of humans to take advantage of things that come around to satisfy their own needs. People trend to have a strong pull towards achieving their goals such that they do anything possible to achieve it; they are opportunistic in nature, using something that they did not expect to come around to their advantage. Antoine creates a mental picture of a man clinging to the wings of numerous birds flying from one planet to another (Normington, K. 2007, 347). Thinking of it, it looks like a big risk to take, but the little prince takes it anyway. He has an opportunity that he knows might not come around again. The manner in which Antoine brings out all these is quite r emarkable. The scene has been translated into a graphical form by the media, a picture of a young boy waiting to cling to some flying birds; he stands on a small planet, which he considers to be home. What catches the eye is the fact that, the prince seems to be sad. This is probably because he is leaving his little rose behind. This, as we can see, is the only thing that he is emotionally attached to, he is sad to leave it behind, though they have had their differences. We are told how the little Prince George was so emotionally attached to the rose flower, all the things he did to prevent it from harm. How he uprooted all the weeds that prevented it from growing to maturity (Saint-Exupery, A.D. 2004, 35). At some point, they even quarreled and this is what prompted him to leave in the first place, he thought that the rose was taking advantage of him. However, they get through it and become friends again. This alludes to the human nature of having emotional attachments to other peo ple or things; these can be even pets or other gadgets, these are the things that people hold closest to the heart and are so deer to them, in most cases, these are persons of the opposite sex. the flower represented spouses, how relationships work, people get emotionally attached, they go through so much together trying to protect themselves, at some point they differ in opinions and fall apart, but sooner or later they mend things and come back together. The aspect of sacrifice also

Pornography & violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pornography & violence - Essay Example Based on various studies conducted in both clinical and experimental settings, exposure to media specifically films showing sexually violent acts against women has substantially augmented the likelihood of aggression by men. This may be attributed to the fact that such scenes convey the message that women find force and aggression during sex rather pleasurable. (Donnerstein, 1986) In this regard, these pornographic materials exhibiting violence may exert significant influence in how men perceive and treat women. As the media is deemed to facilitate the â€Å"copy cat† effect, I reckon that male viewers of smut materials become inclined to think that performing violent acts on women is cool or even normal. Thus, they become less restrained in committing aggression towards women. In addition, with the advent of the internet, these explicit materials become easily accessible to billions of people despite the efforts undertaken by censor bodies and concerned citizens. The perception that women are willing participants in sexually violent acts as well as the accessibility of violent pornography are the primary factors that may be expected to bring about the rise in the number of reported cases of violence against women. These place the women in our society at great risk. In view of the above, I believe that the elimination of violent pornography would be a crucial step in reducing violence against women. To address this, cooperation between government bodies and local communities must be sought. For instance, public institutions should strengthen their battle against pornographers, who proliferate sexually violent materials. This may be done not only by focusing administrative efforts on small-time smut producers but more so on the big-time pornographers. These government bodies should aim to effectively implement censorship rules in regulating the media and severely punish those who are found guilty of violating such rules. Moreover, the

American Writers Essay Example for Free

American Writers Essay

Eâ€commerce and management information system

E–commerce and management information system Question This report is based around an in depth critical appraisal of the use of information systems by an organisation of my choice. Choose an organisation Research the activities of the organisation and how it makes use of information systems to help it undertake these activities Critique its use of information systems Provide recommendations for the future use of information system by the organisation. Dr Ger (2010). Individual Assignment, from S708. E Commerce and Management Information System. London College of Business on April, 2010. Available from : Blackboard.( Access o 08/04/10) Answer Background to organisation My chosen organisation is Metropole College. Metropole College Ltd, trading as Metropole Learning is a private company, limited by guarantee. It was established in 1994 and started delivering government funded provision in January 2000, offering Basic Employability Training. In 2001, Metropole Learning started delivering contracts for the Employment Services now (JobcentrePlus) in Basic Employability Training (ESOL and Literacy). In 2003, they started delivering a range of workforce development, this had made the organisation to grow, and this growth continues today. The companys future plan is expand the current delivery and to also to offer teacher training for the new staff. http://www.metropolecollege.com/en/about-us/our-history Services The company render services ( in the area of lifelong learning sector) that are designed to enable adults to get closer to the labour market and to help these learners to maintained/sustained employment by given them long time support at work. They offer the following courses; ESOL, Literacy, Employability, Information Technology (IT/Computer) and give support or assistant in the following areas; Individual Learning Support, Information, Advice and Guidance (I.A.G). http://www.metropolecollege.com/en/our-services The companys services is actually in two sections Pre Employability Post Employability Pre Employability services: here the company help and give support to the learners by improving their language. Their speaking, listening, reading and writing skills are improved through ESOL course. They also improve their employability skills in order to put them on the labour ladder. The learners achieve these skills through employability and IT/computer courses. http://metropole.test-host.net/our-services/pre-employability Post Employability services: metropole provides work based, and flexible learning solution for employed people. http://metropole.test-host.net/our-services/post-employability Aim and objective of Metropole College The ultimate goal of the company is to support the learners into sustained employment. http://www.metropolecollege.com/en/about-us/our-history Bibliography Metropole College (n.d) Our History. (WWW) Metropole College. Available from http://www.metropolecollege.com/en/about-us/our-history Metropole College (n.d) Pre Employability. (WWW) Metropole College. Available from http://metropole.test-host.net/our-services/post-employability (Accessed on 07/04/10) Metropole College (n.d) Pre Employability. (WWW) Metropole College. Available from http://metropole.test-host.net/our-services/pre-employability (Accessed on 07/04/10) Metropole College (n.d) Our services. (WWW) Metropole College. Available from http://www.metropolecollege.com/en/our-services (Accessed on 07/04/10) Metropole College (n.d) Our History. (WWW) Metropole College. Available from http://www.metropolecollege.com/en/about-us/our-history (Accessed on 07/04/10)

Steve Jobs :: essays research papers

Steve Jobs Born 1955 Los Altos CA; Evangelic bad boy who, with Steve Wozniak, co-founded Apple Computer Corporation and became a multimillionaire before the age of 30. Subsequently started the NeXT Corporation to provide an educational system at a reasonable price, but found that software was a better seller than hardware. Steven Paul, was an orphan adopted by Paul and Clara Jobs of Mountain View, California in February 1955. Jobs was not happy at school in Mountain View so the family moved to Los Altos, California, where Steven attended Homestead High School. His electronics teacher at Homestead High, Hohn McCollum, recalled he was "something of a loner" and "always had a different way of looking at things." Going to work for Atari after leaving Reed College, Jobs renewed his friendship with Steve Wozniak. The two designed computer games for Atari and a telephone "blue box", getting much of their impetus from the Homebrew Computer Club. Beginning work in the Job's family garage they managed to make their first "killing" when the Byte Shop in Mountain View bought their first fifty fully assembled computers. On this basis the Apple Corporation was founded, the name based on Job's favorite fruit and the logo. Steve Jobs innovative idea of a personel computer led him into revolutionizing the computer hardware and software industry. When Jobs was twenty one, he and a friend, Wozniak, built a personel computer called the Apple. The Apple changed people's idea of a computer from a gigantic and inscrutable mass of vacuum tubes only used by big business and the government to a small box used by ordinary people. No company has done more to democratize the computer and make it user- friendly than Apple Computer Inc. Jobs software development for the Macintosh re-introduced windows interface and mouse technology which set a standard for all applications interface in software. Two years after building the Apple I, Jobs introduced the Apple II. The Apple II was the best buy in personal computers for home and small business throughout the following five years. When the Macintosh was introduced in 1984, it was marketed towards medium and large businesses. The Macintosh took the first major step in adapting the personal computer to the needs of the corporate work force. Steve Jobs was considered a brilliant young man in Silicon Valley, because he saw the future demands of the computer industry. He was able to build a personal computer and market the product. His innovative ideas of user-friendly software for the Macintosh changed the design and functionality of software interfaces created for computers. The Macintosh's interface allowed people to interact

Don Giovanni

Mr. Warren Don Giovanni After watching the Don Giovanni play ill conclude that Don Giovanni is not guilty in the rape of Donna Anna. She accused him of the rape, but there is no full evidence that she got raped. She apparently said that she got raped after the fact her dad was killed. Just because he killed The Commendatore doesn’t mean that he is guilty of the rape. The first piece of evidence disputing the rape claim is that Donna Anna simply needs an alibi because she is scared she will lose her husband because she was seduced by another man.Don Giovanni has a long history of getting with a ton of different women with relative ease. Donna Anna has some sketchy stories in her initial story about the assault. The initial incident that took place was not seen by anybody at all. Donna Anna also has a fiance, and had she been caught up in a cheating scandal her lift might be ruined. The evidence supports a reasonable doubt that could be determined by the story and ways of Don Gi ovanni. The second piece of evidence disproving Donna Anna’s claim of the rape by Don Giovanna is the town’s bias towards Don Giovanni.He has a personality that people are not very fond of. For example, hooking up with a lot of girls and treating him the way he does. People will assume that Don Giovanni is really guilty before looking at the facts. Knowing this, Don Giovanni is not guilty just because of what people think of him. Don Giovanni is not guilty of rape just because of the person he carries himself with. More evidence that supports Don Giovanni being innocent is the fact that the servants weren’t around when the assault happened but all the sudden appeared after the murder of Donna Anna’s father.If Donna Anna was being raped, why wasn’t she screaming and fighting during the assault by Don Giovanni. If she was screaming during the rape, the servants would have come and helped her. The servants are a key piece of evidence in proving the in nocence of Don Giovanni. The fourth piece of evidence that supports Don Giovanni being innocent is his black book filled with women he has gotten with. Don Giovanni is a ladies man who has an extensive history if seducing women with ease. He has a whole book of women whom he has had sexual relations with.It’s not a bad thing that he is able to seduce women with relative ease because that makes his case for himself. Getting with a lot of women isn’t a crime, and shouldn’t be something that can be used as credible evidence in order to bring a rape conviction down on Don Giovanni. The next piece of evidence supporting Don Giovanni’s innocence from the rape claim is the fact that Donna Anna wanted Don to be dead and wanted to wait an entire year before moving into marriage. Had she really been raped, why would she need a full year to get over his death? With Don Giovanni dead, she had time to get over him before committing to the marriage.The final piece of e vidence that supports Don Giovanni being innocent of the sexual assault accusation is the fact that there were no witnesses. A woman of that degree would have people around who could help her if she was really being raped. But, there were no witnesses or servants around during her time of need. In order for Don Giovanni to be charged and convicted, there has to be witnesses who are able to give supporting details on Donna Anna being raped. With there no being any witnesses who saw the sexual assault, there cannot be a prosecution to convict Don Giovanni. Now people are going to talk about Don Giovanni going to hell.This argument is not valid because Dog Giovanni did kill The Commendatore and that could be a reason for going to hell. Claiming the Don Giovanni went to hell for the sexual assault is a shocking thing to say, considering the other evil deeds he participated. Using this counterargument, he is not responsible because one cannot simply say this or that directly sent Don Gio vanni to hell. The next counterargument is that people might say Donna Anna did get raped. But, why was she screaming coming out from the opening scene? If she actually was raped by Don Giovanni, she should have been screaming during the assault.If she was getting raped, why wasn’t she screaming, fighting, or trying to get away? You can’t conclude from the scene from the beginning of the show that she was raped. There is no possible way a counter argument of Donna Anna reacting to the rape would hold up in a court. In the end, Don Giovanna is innocent of the sexual accusation by Donna Anna. He may be a bad person, but he has a history of being able to get with women without really putting fourth effort. Just because he likes his women doesn’t mean he rapes them. Don Giovanna did not commit the sexual assault that he was accused of.

Expenses of the organization Essay

Capitalism has been of great benefit to me as an individual due to the fact that it values political as well as economic freedom of an individual. Through allowing people to undertake various business activities, capitalism has allowed me to maximize on profit making. Capitalism does not limit the amount of wealth an individual can amass. Capitalism also ensures that my constitutional rights to own property are protected. The schemes of getting rich quickly in the capitalist world are some of the major disadvantages associated with capitalism. The driving force of these schemes is the employees who pay the business loans of organizations voting at work so as to regulate the property they are paying for (Downing p, 37). As an employee I have been paying for the expenses of the organization I work for, which are by far beyond the salary of employees. The capitalist world favors development as well as establishment of as many industries as possible an aspect which in the long run results in environmental degradation. The greatest losers of capitalism in the United States as well as the world are those who seem to have lost the battle for regulation of economic policies. These people include those who rely on agricultural capital. The winners of capitalism, on the pother hand, are those who invest in a variety of sectors including factories, companies, goods and services (Soto p, 114) Historical materialists, who are few, own so much wealth at the expense of the poor majority. The practice of materialists constitutes some of the reasons as to why poor people and poor countries remain poor whereas rich people and countries continue expanding their wealth. Materialists claim that they are not accountable to anyone, but to their stakeholders and therefore all their practices are focused at amassing as much wealth as possible rather than looking at the plight of common man (Misraa, Woodringa, and Merz p, 320). Work cited: Misraa, Joya. Woodringa, Jonathan. and Merz, Sabine. The globalization of care work: Neoliberal economic restructuring and migration policy, 2006, Vol 3: 3, 317 – 332 Soto, Hernando. The mystery of capital: why capitalism triumphs in the West and fails everywhere else, ISBN 0465016154: Basic Books, 2003 Downing, David. Capitalism, 2nd edn, ISBN 0431191808: Pearson Education, 2008

Bond Yields for Johnson & Johnson

Solution to Minicase 5 Bond Yields for Johnson & Johnson Objective: The case enables the student to gain insight into the financing activities of large corporations and to practice calculating bond prices and yields. Computations are carried out for annual and semiannual interest periods, and for fractional periods. Case Discussion: Johnson & Johnson is one of the leading pharmaceutical firms in the world. It is large and financially sophisticated. When it needs to borrow money, it sells bonds where it can get the best deal. Sometimes that means selling bonds to U. S. investors. Other times it means issuing Eurodollar bonds to investors outside the United States. (The text discusses the Eurobond market in more depth in Chapters 20 and 27. ) The student is asked in this case to use the techniques developed in Chapter 5 to calculate the yields of domestic bonds and Eurobonds. The main difference between the two is that domestic bonds pay interest semiannually, whereas Eurobonds pay annually. Due to this difference in the frequency of compounding, the student must be careful to compare the APYs of domestic and Eurobonds when trying to find the lower-cost alternative. Exhibit S-5-1 provides information concerning five Johnson & Johnson debt issues. Answers to Questions: 1. Calculate the APY for each of Johnson & Johnson’s bonds and identify which one has the lowest APY, assuming today is January 15, 2009. Answer: Bond 1, calculate the APY of the 7. 375s23 eurobond. There are 15 coupon ayments left, and the last one was made 2 months plus 6 days ago (66 days ago). Use annual payment analysis; CPN=7. 375% x 1000 = $73. 75. Solve the equation using a spreadsheet with N=15, and f=(66/360)=0. 183333 to find the APY = 7. 3001%: |[pic] | | Bond 2, calculate the APY of the 7. 375s22 domestic bond. There are 27 coupon payments left and the last one was made 17 days ago on 12/29/08. Use semiannual payment analysis; CPN/2=7. 75% x 1000 / 2 = $36. 875. Solve the equation using a spreadsheet with N=(2 x 13. 5)=27 semiannual periods, and f=(17/180) = 0. 094444 to find r = 3. 5198%, so the APY = 7. 1635%: |[pic] | | Bond 3, calculate the APY of the 8. 25s31 eurobond. There are 23 coupon payments left, and the last one was made 8 months and 15 days ago (255 days ago). Use annual payment analysis; CPN=8. 25% x 1000 = $82. 50. Solve the equation with N=23 years, and f = (255)/360) = 0. 708333 to find APY = 7. 8288%: |[pic] | | | | | Bond 4, calculate the APY of the 6. 73s20 domestic bond. There are 24 coupon payments left, and the last one was made 4 months ago (120 days ago). Use semiannual payment analysis; CPN/2=6. 3% x 1000 / 2 = $33. 65. Solve the equation using a spreadsheet with N=2 x 12=24 semiannual periods, and f = 120/180 = 0. 666667 to find r = 3. 6269%, so the APY = 7. 3854%: |[pic] | | Bond 5, calculate the APY of the 6. 85s35 domestic bond. There are 52 coupon payments left, and the last one was made 14 days ago. Use semiannual payment analysis; CPN/2=6. 85% x 1000 / 2 = $34. 25. Solve the equation using a spreadsheet with N=2 x 26=52 semiannual periods, and f = 14/180 = 0. 077778 to find r = 3. 5616%, so the APY = 7. 2500%: [pic] | | The 7. 375s22 have the lowest APY, 7. 1635%. 2. The 8. 25s28 can be called in 2021 at par. Calculate the YTC (yield to call) assuming today is January 15, 2009. Does this change your answer to question 1? Answer: There are 13 coupon payments left, and the last one was made 8 months and 15 days ago (255 days ago). Use annual payment analysis; CPN=8. 25% x 1000 = $82. 50. Solve the equation with N=13 years, and f = (255)/360) = 0. 08333 to find APY = 7. 6871%: |[pic] | | | | | The APY of 7. 6871% is less than the APY of 7. 8288% found for Bond 3 in question 1, but is more than the other bonds. So the answer to question 1 does not change, the 7. 375s22 have the lowest APY, 7. 1635%. Exhibit S-5-1 Terms of Johnson & Johnson Debt Issues ISSUE |MARKET |COUPON |FREQUENCY |MATURITY |PRICE1 | | | | | | |(% OF PAR) | |73/8s 20 |Eurobond |73/8% |Annual |11/09/20 |101. 9785 | |73/8s 19 |Domestic |73/8% |Semiannual |06/29/19 |103. 288 | |81/4s 28 |Eurobond |81/4% |Annual |04/30/28 |110. 1563 | |6. 73s 17 |Domestic |6. 73% |Semiannual |09/15/17 | 98. 1535 | |6. 85s 32 |Domestic |6. 85% |Semiannual |01/01/32 | 97. 0501 | 1 Including accrued inter est.

Schools Competency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Schools Competency - Essay Example It is a pervasive perception that test scores do indeed stand to be the viable indicators as to the quality of education and teaching in a school. However, in a pragmatic context, evaluating the competency of a school merely on the bases of test scores is not only a narrow approach towards gauging the quality of education in a school, but is also a belief that happens to be utterly counterproductive. Â  Tests tend to predict the academic performance of the students in a school under a standardized test environment and format. The thing that needs to be understood is that performing in a test happens to be a skill in itself and not all students happen to be good at evincing the right responses in a test, irrespective of the fact that many of them actually happen to be conversant with the academic discipline on which they are being evaluated (Corwin & Schneider, 2005). Tests are mostly conducted in an environment that happens to be loaded with stress and tension, and it is practical t o expect that not all students may be able to cope up with such a format. Hence test scores actually depict as to how good a school is at preparing its students to perform in a test, rather than reflecting on a school’s ability to impart knowledge. Â  The other thing is that tests tend to ascertain mainly the academic provenance of the students in a school and that too in a very narrow context. Tests do happen to ignore the varied salient aspects of education like imagination, creativity, proficiency in social skills, leadership ability.

Hamlet Analysised Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hamlet Analysised - Essay Example There are only a few scenes that happen outside of it, most famously the scene at the graveside when Hamlet laments the loss of his old jester, Yorick, and then fights in Ophelia’s grave with her brother Laertes. The play is set sometime in the middle ages and there are clearly delineated family relations and moral codes of honour that drive much of the play’s action. Because most of the characters are members of the royal family they are responsible for Denmark. The family is under threat from within because of the actions of Claudius and the revenge that Hamlet seeks, but it is also under threat from the outside as the Swedish under Fortinbras are preparing to invade it. There are existential threats everywhere—and this is an important aspect to consider. Indeed, this is an important theme of the story: the threat of death that seems omnipresent. Ellsinore still has a cloud over it: the death of Hamlet’s father. It affects everyone, but Hamlet worst of all. From his first words in the play we understand the state of mind he has: He is virtually suicidal after meeting his uncle and mother, married so shortly after his father’s death. The threat from within is a theme personified by Hamlet’s suicidal feelings which are later further explored in the famous soliloquy: â€Å"To be or not to be . . .† People worry about Hamlet, but as the play continues their worry is extended to others. Ophelia, spurned by Hamlet, goes mad and drowns herself. A fear begins to grip everyone. Hamlet, anxious for revenge, kills Ophelia’s father behind the arras when visiting his mother’s room. The threat is not just at the point of the knife—it is that people are listening everywhere. Throughout the play characters are always spying on one another and reporting to others. Even Rosencrantz and Guilderstern, Hamlet’s best friends are convinced to betray him—for this they are rewarded with death

Outsourcing to Foreign Countries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Outsourcing to Foreign Countries - Essay Example Changes in the way in which organizations conduct business have been rapid and wide-spread as the concept of outsourcing has been introduced. It is the inherent nature of the marketplace to increase efficiency within the workplace by constantly striving to produce the most products with the least expenditure of resources. It is this concept that has driven many corporations to join in the globalization process, frequently outsourcing many of their activities and production processes to less developed countries in which this process is less expensive and requires fewer restrictions, licensing, and/or controls. â€Å"Global markets offer greater opportunity for people to tap into more and larger markets around the world. It means that they can have access to more capital flows, technology, cheaper imports and larger export markets†. Although the idea of a global market and outsourcing sounds like an ideal situation for the increased flow of goods and currencies throughout the world, as well as a possible solution for the redistribution of wealth into some of the world’s most destitute countries, â€Å"in practice, this has meant that the governments of the advanced capitalist countries, along with the I.M.F., the World Bank, and the W.T.O., have increasingly sought to force other nations to adopt market economies, privatize public companies and resources, abandon labor and environmental regulations, reduce social services, and embrace ‘free trade’ and the free movement of transnational capital†.

Human Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Human Resources - Essay Example If this would not suffice, it is time to consider some disciplinary actions suitable for the offense. 2.) Upon receiving the cease and desist letter, the company needs not to respond immediately; instead it should take more time to analyze the situation and formulate a planned response. It is necessary that the concern will be discussed to the legal counsel who is expert in the field of infringement claim (Landy, 2008, p. 131). Likewise, the company should establish a new version of policy that will strongly regulate the usage of internet. The company should also be stricter in monitoring the usage of office supplies by conducting an accurate inventory. 3.) I would consider the idea of terminating Karen at the end of her probationary period. This is not because other employees had told me to do so but this is based on the monitoring and review of criteria. The criterion that makes her not suitable is the ‘timely and regular attendance at work’ which will definitely affect her productivity (Smithson, n.d.). The case of Jackie is different from Karen in terms of their employment status. Although the offense is more or less the same, Jackie’s situation needs to have a form of just cause otherwise damages will be

Critical evaluation of Steve Millar's approach Essay

Critical evaluation of Steve Millar's approach - Essay Example overseas business expansion, and decentralization of authority. Critical evaluation of Steve Millar’s approach: The above mentioned approaches of Miller had been reflected quite intensively in the decisions and strategies formulated by him. In order to be international, Miller had undertaken the route of merger and acquisition. For instance, in order to get entered within the market of France, the company acquired a century old Domaine de la Baume, which is well reputed winery brand with French market. Along with this, there are a number of different other important established domestic and exports French brand was acquired BRL Hardy for the purpose of expanding within France, in the year 1990. Six months later, the company acquired Italy’s oldest winery, named as Brolio de Riscoli for the purpose of clearing the way to get entered within the market of Italy. Along with this, UK is also one of the most prominent markets of the company in which the company earned quite i ntensive amount of profits. In this regard, the company established its direct subsidiary within the country. Moreover, the company undertook several crucial mergers and acquisition across Asian and American regions for the purpose of supporting it overseas diversification approach of Miller (Johnson, Scholes and Whittington 2011). This approach of Miller can be supported on the ground of growth related corporate level strategic orientation for the organization. As per this approach, business diversification at global level is one of the most efficient ways to reduce the impact of external business environment. This approach of Miller supported him to make an efficient portfolio for its business operations, which had proved quite helpful for the organization to diversify the external environmental risk (House et al 2004). For the long term perspective this strategy of Miller can be appraised. The concept of systematic risk mitigation also advocates the approach of Miller regarding b usiness expansion at international level. However, the case reflects that in order to be international, the disposition of the company in the domestic market was weakened due to international business expansion. This is one of the most critical issues associated with the international business expansion approach of Miller (Hill 2011). In addition to this, the second approach of Miller, for the purpose of making BRL Hardy as an international brand, was related to the decentralization of the management structure of the organization within its international business strategy of the organization. As per this approach Miller was the strong believer of providing some intensive power and authority to the local administration and management of its different business location. In the context of this strategy, he handed over all the power of making decisions and planning to Christopher Carson for the purpose of managing all the operations and business activities of its UK subsidiary. This str ategy of Miller was proved quite successful as UK subsidiary of the company made some intensive profits for the company in the year 1998. Miller wanted to have some intensive and deep involvement of Carson in the corporate planning and decision making for the company. However, the approach of Miller toward this decentralization was directed to align its European

Group Decision Making Essay Example for Free

Group Decision Making Essay Abstract Group decision making is imperative for deciding what action a group should take. This paper aims to define the process of group decision making and examine the discipline, theory, paradigm, and methodology that dominate approaches to group decision-making research. Furthermore, it provides an outline of the research’s perceptual process and endeavors to address an appropriate alternative approach to this research problem, and an evaluation of qualitative and quantitative research designs for this area of research. These are discussed in connection with selected empirical data. Critical Review of Group Decision Making Research Group decision making is one of the most significant and methodological ways of overcoming and/or resolving certain conflicts with the aid of other individuals. It becomes a more controversial in deciding what action a group should take due to the varieties of systems, which are acknowledged in order to solve a particular conflict. Decision making in a certain group is frequently evaluated in a separate manner, as the issue with regard to the process and outcome is concerned. While such a process of group decision making refers to how every member of a group interacts with the others, the outcome is the result of preferred method or action that the entire group has taken. A number of masters from prestigious universities have been arguing with regard to the critical review of group decision-making research since the 19th century. One of the world-renown masters of that time was James Stoner who observed that group decisions are more speculative than the earlier exclusive decisions of the members of a particular group or organization (Stoner, 1961). During the period subsequent to the time when he released his masters’ thesis and scholarly articles concerning the critical review of group decision-making research, numerous researched studies with empirical bases have shown that such a perilous modification is omnipresent or ubiquitous occurrence. Moreover, there is the presence of judiciousness on certain group decisions than the members (Moscovici Zavalloni. 1969; Myers Lamm, 1976). However, the tendency of people to make decisions, which is extreme when they are in a group as opposed to a decision made alone or independently, will take place as a commencing disposition of an individual group members toward a specified way is increased subsequent to the given group decision. For instance, a group of pro-feminist women will be more powerfully pro-feminist subsequent to the given group decision (Myers. 1975). Therefore, on decisions that present to every individual group and/or member, a reasonable disposition in a specified way comes along with a group decision, which belongs to a more reasonable disposition in the same way. Critical Review on a Group Decision Some other conceptualization with regard to the tendency of people to make decisions, which is extreme when they are in a group as opposed to a decision made alone or independently, will be superfluous due the number of outstanding reviews and/or conceptualization until 1970s (Myers Lamm, 1976). Throughout this time, the arguments concerning such a conceptualization have become remarkable. Hence, numerous researchers contributed various ideologies and significant contributions to produce group decisions, which are more speculative than the earlier exclusive decisions of the members of a particular group or organization. In latter years, vehemence for group research with regard to disposition has begun to lessen; it has believed that a thorough retrospective view or survey will contribute to the reorientation of research in such a field. In addition to this view, reassessment will also incorporate the tendency of people to make decisions, which is extreme when they are in a group as opposed to a decision made alone or independently, with other gregarious or communal imaginary and cognitive phenomena. Thus, this research concludes by proposing a few significant matters of desegregation. Moreover, basic cognitive process will be involved in obtaining and storing more knowledge and insights upon demonstrating convincing disputation and communal distinction intervening the doctrine that all natural phenomena are explicable by material causes and mechanical principles within the bounds of group decision making. Study of this consequence shows that subsequent in time of taking part in a discussion group, every member tends to propose greater whereabouts; the demand for more perilous procedures of exploit than individuals who do not take part in any such discourse becomes inevitable. This incident has given birth to the perilous modification of group decision making. Moreover, the tendency of people to make decisions, which is extreme when they are in a group as opposed to a decision made alone or independently, is used in order to explicate and give light to the decision making of a panel or a group of people legally selected to hear a case and to decide what are the facts. Contemporary studies of world-renown scholars and savants show that subsequent in time to meditating into a single group, simulated panel of experts frequently determines retaliatory impairment prior to deliberation. Hence, the studies showed that when the favor of the panel of experts is given to an individual that bears insufficient facts and/or explications with regard to the extant issues, matters of argumentation might lead to a more compassionate outcome. While the panel of experts is influenced to ordain an efficacious or disastrous treatment, such contemporary discourse could yield severe and arduous circumstances to cope with. Progress in Analysis of Group Decision Making Brown’s (1965) innovative discourse of such a perilous modification, one of the vital vindications of selected changes, has been a communal juxtaposition. Based on the entire view of this conceptualization, people are regularly encouraged both to identify and to introduce themselves in a gregarious suitable illumination. To do this, every individual should be constantly preparing knowledge and insights with regard to how other groups of people introduce themselves, and changing his/her personal investiture. Some adaptations of social comparison theory shows that the number of people wishes to be understood as more advantageous than what other groups of people comprehend to be the standard movement. In one case that every individual distinguishes how most other people demonstrate and/or introduce themselves, he or she present him/herself in a reasonable illumination or awareness. Whenever all members of a colluding group involve in the same examination of such a methodological or systematic procedure, the outcome, therefore, is a mean modification in a way of valuable community. There is the presence of two fluctuations of the said temporal arrangement; one is that highlights the displacements of cognitive contents, which have multiple numbers of aspects, while the other one concerns the practice of keeping one jump ahead of a friend or competitor. Based on the studies of such a pluralistic ignorance, every individual or group of people introduces itself and/or its own positions as a settlement of differences in which each side makes concessions in the interval of two different proclivities—the petition to be bound by mutual interests, loyalties, or affections to an individual’s own conception of absolute perfection. In addition to this view, the desire not to be aberrant from the notion of the inner direction of a certain group is also acknowledged. Thus, prior to group discussion review or argument, every member of a particular group trivializes the standards of the group ab initio. Evaluation from the primary valuations of their personal standards becomes distant to some extent or degree. Throughout the argumentations, which are unfolded by the entire group, every individual or member of the group is acknowledged nigh to the right standards; hence, an instance of divergence or disagreement by the common action of how good a group member is and how he or she likes to be ostensible. On delving into the second set of options, a group member directly changes to a more idealistic thought or matter of argumentations. As such, the strategic method of group decision making with most group members is acknowledged. Therefore, the theory concerning pluralistic ignorance is that it prevails for the mere reason of precise exchange of information with regard to the true beliefs of most members of the group in spite of the fact that it might be due to the preconception, which has a basis in or reducible to empirical factual knowledge (Jones Nisbett, 1972). Other evaluators made a thorough explication concerning the possible outcomes of procedures in relation to the social comparison. These evaluations have become a more controversial along the issue concerning such matters of argument in which the group of people are encouraged by an aspiration to be unique from the other groups of people in a more precious and significant way or direction of feelings and/or thoughts (Fromkin, 1970). Moreover, these people are also encouraged to introduce themselves in a more advantageous way than the other groups of people. Briefly, such a group of people desires to be unique and become better than other groups of people. As an analogy, Brown expresses his own feelings by acknowledging the fact that when creating pre-valuations in a certain aspect, every individual member of the group gives him/herself a valuation, which is moderately advantageous than the valuation that he or she takes for granted—the norm or standards the mean group member will share. For a better comprehension with regard to this conceptualization, when a member directly or indirectly deducts the precise standards, he or she then develops his or her personal valuations; hence, making the general options with regard to the perilous modification becomes inevitable to acknowledge. Inasmuch as the technical aspects of making the perilous modification in cognitive contents, which have multiple aspects, the technical aspects concerning a current or fashionable trend is a settlement of differences in which each side makes concessions by the common action of self-enhancement and self-abasement. Indeed, however, it may be quite arduous to acknowledge these two technical aspects theoretically. Nevertheless, there are respective imbrications on the pluralistic ignorance and current or fashionable trends. To support such an argument, the general reference for social comparison comes from presentations that coherent knowledge and insights with regard to the standards of other group members is able to make conformation bias. It takes place when combined or neutral vestige is used to reinforce an already made and intelligibly one-sided point of view. Consequently, every member of the group on both sides may therefore make an action or any movement farther apart, when he or she is presented with the same combined vestige. Such e strategic effect is called ‘mere exposure’ effects in which numerous researched studies have tried creating this terminology for further explication of the denotations of the perilous modification within the group decision making. Processing the Information that Affects the Group Decision Making A number of scholarly studies with regard to the group decision making from different pats of the world have been published; now, it remains one of the global contemporary issues. The original perilous modification research of Stoner (1961) has been globally recognized upon the use of certain outlines of the summary with a dramatic or literary work—the scenario, which shows the value of perils that a group member thinks what action he or she should take. For a better comprehension, it is explained with the best example, which Stoner used. He shows such a perilous modification through playing with a chess—the moves, careers shifts, professional shifts etc. In addition, other studies concern the probability of such a perilous modification. It is showed through the frequent exposure of conditions in which it is more likely to be substantial than any moderate exposure of such conditions; mixed with non-significant. Some studies argue that a certain member’s option or a standard on the matter of argument is methodological function of numerous pro and con debates. It is acknowledged as an individual calls back the memory when hypothesizing his or her personal thought or standards. Therefore, in forming an opinion or estimation of the guilt or innocence of an accused person after careful consideration, a body of citizens sworn to give a true verdict according to the evidence presented in a court of law comes to pre-deliberation decisions in accordance with the respective number and strength of the pro-guilt and pro-innocence statements. Consequently, a formal discourse on a topic or an exposition becomes the cause of an individual’s modification of his or her thought with regard to the running skepticism in the court. During the period subsequent to the time when the conceptualization of the power to induce the taking of a course of action or the embracing of a point of view by means of argument or entreaty is acknowledged, a number of studies distinguish the characteristics of statements, which lead them into being convincing. Moreover, some studies express the denotations of perilous modification. They show this through presenting deputations on the statements within the group members. For a better comprehension concerning this ideology, a specified group may or may not change the way, which has given to it. While every member thinks of producing a good outcome, the arguments take place from the other members of the group. Thus, the function of originality is certainly and specifically determined. However, if such statements or arguments are given from the fact that the individual member is already acquainted with such matter of argumentations, he or she then cannot modify or change his or her position or standards of thinking or sharing his or her thoughts with the other members of the group of choice (Kaplan, 1997). Evaluating Qualitative and Quantitative Research Designs As such, if new convincing arguments are given, but opposing the way that has been pre-approved by the group member, their standards will be modified reversely. Hence, a body of citizens sworn to give a true verdict according to the evidence presented in a court of law who pre-approved one who is justly chargeable with or responsible for a usually grave breach of conduct or a crime will come to regard a more guilty opinion or treat him or her with favor. This occurrence takes place only if he or she is liable to the new statements, which give favor to the fact of having committed a breach of conduct especially violating law and involving a penal. The condition of being peculiar to a particular individual or group, as the issue with regard to the process by which other studies or scholarly researched articles produce, accommodates two general empirical bases. One is that concerns the given correct information. To understand better, such studies or scholarly articles anticipate the methodological system and extent of selecting the thought to be unfolded on the matters of argumentation whether they are breaking up into opposing factions or grouping, or causing to become partially or wholly unbroken up to opposing factions. In addition to this statement or argument with regard to the critical review of group decision making, the number of studies make it easier to bring out the conceptual coordination of mental processes into a normal effective personality or with the individual’s environment, or the operation of finding a function whose differential is known and/or solving a different equation. In view of that fact, the fundamental technical aspect is the same for statements, which have been processed in a more advanced and secure system, or in a mutual or reciprocal action or influence with the other people or group members. Therefore, to support the entire conceptualization of this view, the vestige for the proposition that convincing statements alone may yield choice modification and a position of polarization, which has been assumed for a specific purpose—boldly supported by advanced explications of polarization (Pruitt, 197la. 1971b). Conclusion I have learned substantially from the said research and conceptualization of contemporary argumentations with regard to the critical review of group decision making and it impelled me to seek various means to learn the more advanced and methodological process of critical thinking and evaluation on the group decision-making. First, I have learned to perceive more contemplatively. This means, prior to making decisions or establishing beliefs, a group member must be aware that he or she has personal biases about certain things and he or she should not let this get in the way of arriving at an accurate perception and wise decision. Second, I have learned that by being more involved and by listening to and observing people a particular member of the group, who joins the arguments while discussing the best things to gain favorable outcomes, would be able to gain a broader perspective, if not a holistic view, of people and circumstances as a whole. This means that he or she should not only be satisfied with what he or she sees or wants to see but endeavor to look further and probe deeper into what is actually happening that he or she could not directly sense. Moreover, he or she should also verify his or her perceptions and the conclusions he or she has reached through critical thinking by communicating and learning more about the entities involved. These helpful hints have caused substantial improvement in my critical thinking process relative not only to the office works but to all the other daily activities as well. They have led me to perceive accurately, think critically and gain greater understanding of people and contemporary events. References Brown. R. (1965). Social psychology. New York: Free Press. Fromkin. H. (1970). Effects of experimentally aroused feelings of indistinctiveness upon valuation of scarce and novel experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 16. 521-529 Jones, E. E.. Nisbett R. E. (1972). The actor and the observer: Divergent perceptions of the causes of behavior. In E. E. Jones, E. E. Kanouse. H. H. Kelley. R. E. Nisbett, S. Valins. B. Veiner(Eds. ). Attribution. Perceiving the causes of behavior. Morristown. NJ: General Learning Press. Kaplan. M. F. (1977). Discussion polarization effects in a modified jury decision paradigm: Informational influences. Sociomeir): 40, 262-271 Moscovici. S. , Zavalloni. M. (1969). The group as a polarizer of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 12. I25-135. Myers, D. G. (1975). Discussion-induced attitude polarization. Human Relations, 28, 699-714 Myers. D. G. , Lamm. H. (1975). The polarizing effect of group discussion. American Scientist, 63. 297-303. Pruitl, D. G. (197 la). Choice shifts in group discussion: An introductory review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 20, 339-360. (197lb). Conclusions: Toward an understanding of choice shifts in group discussion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 20. 495-510. Stoner, J. A. F. (1961). A comparison of individual and group decisions involving risk. Unpublished masters thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Cambridge, MA.